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| Chief Justice John Roberts |
An Alabama death row inmate may be alive today because a transgender Virginia high school student was denied the use of the bathroom of his choice this year.
The 2 seemingly unrelated cases have one thing in common: In each, a Supreme Court justice switched sides to provide a needed 5th vote to preserve the status quo.
In August, Justice Stephen Breyer broke with liberal colleagues to provide the requisite 5th vote against high school senior Gavin Grimm in what he called "a courtesy" to 4 conservative justices. Late Thursday, conservative Chief Justice John Roberts did a similar favor, switching sides
to stay the execution of inmate Tommy Arthur, convicted in the 1982 murder-for-hire of a woman's husband.
The 2 votes in emergency appeals offer a rare peek behind the curtain about how the high court operates, especially at a time when it is one justice short of its 9-member strength because of the death in February of conservative Antonin Scalia. They could portend a return to a time a generation ago when the court more often halted an execution when only 4 justices initially wanted to do so.
Some liberal commentators puzzled over Breyer's vote on the transgender student's case in August, because he typically is part of the liberal bloc in civil rights cases. But the court's last-minute vote to halt the execution may provide an explanation, said Supreme Court lawyer Tom Goldstein.
"The chief justice seems to have, in a sense, returned the favor for Justice Breyer agreeing to put on hold a ruling in favor of a transgender student," Goldstein said.
Goldstein said he sees the votes as a signal to a politically polarized country that the court can still function collegially.
Providing a fifth vote to halt executions had once been more common, but it's been less in evidence in recent years. 8 years ago, Breyer complained in another eleventh-hour death penalty appeal that "it is particularly disappointing that no member of the majority has proved willing to provide a courtesy vote for a stay," even though 4 justices wanted one.
Scalia's death has deprived the court of a vocal opponent of efforts to delay executions. Breyer, on the other hand, has become a more outspoken critic of the death penalty. He was joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in his 2015 opinion in which he concluded after more than 20 years as a justice that the death penalty probably is unconstitutional.
The issue of courtesy votes arose at Roberts' 2005 Senate confirmation hearing. Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy of Vermont asked Roberts what he would do if four other justices favored blocking an execution.
Speaking of the court's requirement for 5 votes to take action, Leahy asked, "Do you feel, as chief, you should do the courtesy of the rule of 5 and kick in the 5th one?"
Roberts was equivocal. "I don't want to commit to pursue a particular practice. But it obviously makes great sense," he said.
Hofstra University law professor Eric Freedman said Roberts' vote "does indicate a return to a prior practice in capital cases, which is a desirable practice."
Courtesy votes grow out of the court's differing vote requirements. To accept a case for review takes 4 votes. Issuing a decision or court order needs at least 5.
A courtesy 5th vote could allow the other four to reconsider their views, as Roberts spelled out Thursday when he said Arthur's appeal "does not merit the court's review." Roberts said that perhaps some more time would allow the other justices to "more fully consider the suitability of this case."
"It's a very significant development that shows the justices working together despite their disagreements. The court's ideological center is trying to bridge the gap between its wings," Goldstein said.
The split, now with the possibility of 4-4 tie votes, may have been heightened by the prolonged vacancy in Scalia's seat. It's not clear when a 9th justice might be confirmed, and some Senate Republicans have suggested they might never to vote to confirm a nominee of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton's if she wins the presidency.
Judge Merrick Garland's nomination for Scalia's seat has been in limbo since March.
Source: Associated Press, November 6, 2016
Why John Roberts blocked an execution
Here's how much Chief Justice John Roberts cares these days that his branch of government functions as a collegial body.
The move comes as the court continues with only 8 justices since February's death of Justice Antonin Scalia. With 4 conservative-leaning justices and 4 liberals.
"I do not believe that this application meets our ordinary criteria for a stay," Roberts wrote. Instead, he said, he stepped in because 4 of his colleagues voted to grant a stay.
While it takes only 4 justices to agree to take up a case, it takes 5 to stay an execution.
"To afford them the opportunity to more fully consider the suitability of this case for review," Roberts wrote, "I vote to grant the stay as a courtesy."
Granting a so-called "courtesy vote" is not a novel concept, says expert Eric M. Freedman of Hofstra Law School. During the 1980s the court did so routinely in capital cases.
But in the recent past, the court has allowed executions to go forward, even though four justices wanted to grant the stay.
"Chief Justice John Roberts did the right thing last night, " said Freedman, the author of a Law Review article on the subject.
"In giving the Court the time to consider fully a case where life is at stake, all those concerned about the court's decision making process hopes the practice continues once the court is back to full strength," he said.
Arthur's case concerned Alabama's lethal injection protocol, an issue that has deeply divided the justices in the past in other cases. He was convicted for the 1982 contract killing of Troy Wicker.
"I am inclined to guess the Chief thought it particularly useful to showcase this particular kind of collegiality at this particular moment,"said Douglas A. Berman of the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law.
Source: CNN, November 6, 2016
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